Capitalism’s been around in various forms for a while, but the rise of specific types of capitalism are attributed to specific countries and their influence. The Dutch East India trading company was the first to establish what we know as “Finance Capitalism”, which was out of Commercial Capitalism. This is largely what the Dutch are still using today. A form of Capitalism that can also contribute towards socialism, but not in the way a Marxist government would.

It is one of the earliest forms of Capitalism that’s still alive today.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism#Finance and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_capitalism

Ancient Mesopotamian: “am I a joke to you?”

That’s a very interesting question, the first thing to understand is that only a relatively small number of countries worldwide even have a retirement age at all, many poor countries with shorter life expectancies are lacking even the basic social supports necessary and rely on family and community groups to support and care for people who become too elderly or infirm to work (at least we hope they do to some degree, life for the poor can be brutal) and this is often baked into the fabric of their society and culture in a way which is more determined by actual ability than an arbitrarily proscribed age.

However you’re right, setting retirement ages is a tricky variable that often lags significantly behind the demographic realities, and this is particularly evident recently in Asian economies where they are now struggling with retirement ages far too low for most people’s realistic working lifespan and are left with inadequate workforces and unsustainable pensions as a result. This is part of why their economies sometimes don’t seem like they “doing so hot” to investors and stock markets despite the massive growth that has happened, and it is a sign that investors don’t really see it continuing, and it’s pretty plausible they’re right. They still have a lot of work to do to properly transition into developed economies. They are the “new money”, they are economically powerful and very resourceful in many ways, but in other ways this is all very new to them and they have their own challenges and struggles to figure out that are not going to be easy.

Retirement age in China for example was until recently only 50 for women in certain jobs. A comprehensive regional synopsis is difficult since the actual definition of retirement ages often varies according to a complex set of rules intended to gradually phase retirement ages in over time, or by year of birth, or by gender, or by specific industry, or many or all of the above, and another important data point that skews the picture of these numbers is that the concept of retirement itself paints a different picture depending on where you are, and we need to consider whether the actual government support or pension available to a retired person is in fact realistic and sufficient, or do they need to continue working in some form in order to have a basic standard of living, which is often the case, and is subject to many of the same complicating factors in how that amount is defined for different groups.

Despite all that said about the nuanced understanding needed to consider exact numbers, I think it’s fair to say that the average retirement age in newer Asian economies still tends to be much lower than in the west, mostly averaging somewhere around 60, although it can be lower in some cases, with many western countries now pushing towards 70, but both are still trying to catch up to actual demographics and gradually increase those ages for the reasons I mentioned.