Posteo and mailbox.org are the two that come up most in Europe: both have been around for over a decade and run on subscription revenue rather than investors. Posteo doesn’t ask for personal data at signup and lets you pay by bank transfer or even cash in an envelope, so the account isn’t tied to a card. Neither has Proton or Tuta’s built-in end-to-end encryption between users, but both support PGP if you need it.



One thing worth separating: who serves the results vs who sees your query. DDG and Startpage mostly resell Bing or Google results with the tracking stripped; Brave and Mojeek run their own index. If independence matters, Mojeek is the one with a fully independent crawler, though results are thinner. If privacy matters most, the bigger leak is usually the browser and the accounts you’re logged into while searching, not the engine itself.