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In the textbook [that Russian school children have received] the authors urge children to prepare themselves to die for their country. Furthermore, they equate homosexuality with pedophilia and Disney cartoons with pornography, and give instructions on how women should use their “charms.” Europeans are described as “thieves, murderers and liars.”

The textbook, which provides “materials for spiritual, moral, and patriotic upbringing” is supposed to be used as part of “patriotism lessons” that have been on the curriculum since 2022. Though it is not included on the national list of core curriculum books, the content reflects the Kremlin’s intentions to spread propaganda in educational institutions.

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One of the main topics of the book is the war in Ukraine and the idea that dying for one’s country is a blessing is repeated several times: “Love always involves sacrifice,” writes one of the authors. “The sacrifice of a defender of the homeland is their life.”

Elsewhere in the book, the authors make constant claims that Russia is better than Western countries. They also say that children are “mentally crippled” because of “computer games, Hollywood action films, pornography and Disney cartoons.”

They argue that European nations that used to be colonial empires legitimized “murder, lies and plunder” through the conquest and subjugation of new territories. Russia, on the other hand, “never exploited its numerous peoples,” they say, but merely improved their living conditions. The book makes no mention of the culture of Indigenous peoples in what is Russia today, or of any religions other than Christianity and “Slavic paganism.”

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“It’s proof that the country wants more cannon fodder,” [a 16-year old student] told DW, adding that “dying for the country” actually meant dying for “the president’s interests and ambitions.”

He said that a few years ago, he had started watching the videos of Alexei Navalny, the Kremlin critic and opposition leader who died in jail in 2024 “more for fun than for any other reason.” He said it was Navalny’s 2021 investigation into Russian President Vladimir Putin’s Black Sea palace that had first drawn his attention.

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Alexei (name changed), another 16-year-old student [said] that many of his classmates avoided going to “patriotic events.” He too said that the blocking of YouTube had made a difference to him. “I looked into why it was blocked,” he said. “Because nothing happens by chance. And that’s how my interest in politics began.” That’s when he realized that the authorities wanted to get rid of inconvenient citizens and suppress free speech. “I love freedom, so it was hard,” he said.

Ilya thinks that most students don’t take the propaganda seriously. “On the one hand, we laugh about it in class, at least my friends do,” he said. “On the other, we don’t care. Some simply don’t listen. We’re very good at being quiet and not talking much about it,”

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